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Introduction: Endodontics is one of the fastest-growing disciplines in daily clinical practice (Chan et al, 2006). Root canal treatment is considered an essential element in the dental services provided to the population (Al- Omari, 2004). Nowadays, general dental practitioners (GDPs) are faced with a multitude of materials and techniques for

INTRODUCTION The increasing demand for aesthetic anterior teeth has always encouraged the practitioners to try newly developed materials for more conservative treatment options. The most conservative treatment alternative of crowded anterior teeth is orthodontic approaches. Nevertheless, orthodontic therapy may be rejected by the patient, due to occupational limitations of time

INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma deaths in women, with more than 2,088,849 new cases occurring worldwide annually.” The progression of breast cancer follows a complex multistep process that depends on various exogenous (diet and breast irradiation) and endogenous factors (age,

INTRODUCTION Maxillary first molar is a tooth that has been evaluated multiple times for its aberrant anatomy and has been described in the literature for its diversities. Thus, finding an extra canal or an extra root is not something which is a new finding for this tooth. The knowledge of

INTRODUCTION The role of coronal leakage in the prognosis of root canal treatment has been known since years and is also an extensively studied topic among various researchers. Marshall and Massler in 1961 was the first to draw attention towards the effect of coronal leakage [1,2]. However, in the present

Introduction Root canal obturation involves the three-dimensional (3D) filling of the entire root canal system and is a critical step in endodontic therapy. There are two purposes of obturation that is elimination of all avenues of leakage from the oral cavity or the periradicular tissues into the root canal system